"heste" meaning in Middle English

See heste in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Noun

IPA: /ˈhɛst(ə)/, /ˈhɛːst(ə)/
Etymology: From Old English hǣs, from Proto-West Germanic *haisi, from Proto-Germanic *haisiz. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms, while forms with final /t/ are influenced by the suffix -the. Etymology templates: {{etymid|enm|directive}}, {{inh|enm|ang|hǣs}} Old English hǣs, {{inh|enm|gmw-pro|*haisi}} Proto-West Germanic *haisi, {{inh|enm|gem-pro|*haisiz}} Proto-Germanic *haisiz Head templates: {{head|enm|noun|g=|g2=|g3=|head=|sort=}} heste, {{enm-noun|pl2=hesten}} heste (plural hestes or hesten) Forms: hestes [plural], hesten [plural], este [alternative], has [alternative], hees [alternative], heest [alternative], heeste [alternative], hes [alternative], hese [alternative], heaste [alternative, Early-Middle-English], hæse [alternative, Early-Middle-English]
  1. A directive, command or order.
    Sense id: en-heste-enm-noun-xGNySoe2 Categories (other): Middle English entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Middle English entries with incorrect language header: 24 24 8 11 16 17
  2. A rule; a formal, long-term order.
    Sense id: en-heste-enm-noun-rsugv3I~ Categories (other): Middle English entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Middle English entries with incorrect language header: 24 24 8 11 16 17
  3. The power to command; control, jurisdiction.
    Sense id: en-heste-enm-noun-4RjgMNwD
  4. A pact or agreement; that which is agreed upon.
    Sense id: en-heste-enm-noun-VBf9A5uw Categories (other): Middle English entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Middle English entries with incorrect language header: 24 24 8 11 16 17
  5. (rare) A prophetic prediction. Tags: rare
    Sense id: en-heste-enm-noun-hQfb9ej5 Categories (other): Middle English entries with incorrect language header Disambiguation of Middle English entries with incorrect language header: 24 24 8 11 16 17
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Related terms: biheste
Etymology number: 1

Noun

IPA: /ˈhɛːst(ə)/
Etymology: From Old English hǣst, from Proto-West Germanic *haifsti, from Proto-Germanic *haifstiz; the final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms. Doublet of haste. Etymology templates: {{etymid|enm|rage}}, {{inh|enm|ang|hǣst}} Old English hǣst, {{inh|enm|gmw-pro|*haifsti}} Proto-West Germanic *haifsti, {{inh|enm|gem-pro|*haifstiz}} Proto-Germanic *haifstiz Head templates: {{head|enm|noun|g=|g2=|g3=|head=|sort=}} heste, {{enm-noun|-}} heste (uncountable)
  1. (hapax legomenon) power, rage Tags: uncountable
    Sense id: en-heste-enm-noun-kSq5t910 Categories (other): Middle English hapax legomena, Middle English entries with incorrect language header, Pages with 3 entries, Pages with entries, Emotions Disambiguation of Middle English entries with incorrect language header: 24 24 8 11 16 17 Disambiguation of Pages with 3 entries: 13 12 11 21 12 30 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 13 13 12 21 12 29 Disambiguation of Emotions: 8 8 9 8 10 55
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Etymology number: 2

Inflected forms

Alternative forms

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "word": "hest"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Middle Scots",
      "lang_code": "gmw-msc",
      "word": "heist"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Middle Scots",
      "lang_code": "gmw-msc",
      "word": "hest"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Middle Scots",
      "lang_code": "gmw-msc",
      "word": "heste"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Yola",
      "lang_code": "yol",
      "word": "heste"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "directive"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymid"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "hǣs"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English hǣs",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*haisi"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *haisi",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*haisiz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *haisiz",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old English hǣs, from Proto-West Germanic *haisi, from Proto-Germanic *haisiz. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms, while forms with final /t/ are influenced by the suffix -the.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "hestes",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hesten",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "este",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "has",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hees",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "heest",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "heeste",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hes",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hese",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "heaste",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Early-Middle-English"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hæse",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Early-Middle-English"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "noun",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "heste",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "pl2": "hesten"
      },
      "expansion": "heste (plural hestes or hesten)",
      "name": "enm-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0 0",
      "word": "biheste"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "24 24 8 11 16 17",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A directive, command or order."
      ],
      "id": "en-heste-enm-noun-xGNySoe2",
      "links": [
        [
          "directive",
          "directive"
        ],
        [
          "command",
          "command"
        ],
        [
          "order",
          "order"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "24 24 8 11 16 17",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A rule; a formal, long-term order."
      ],
      "id": "en-heste-enm-noun-rsugv3I~",
      "links": [
        [
          "rule",
          "rule"
        ],
        [
          "formal",
          "formal"
        ],
        [
          "long-term",
          "long-term"
        ],
        [
          "order",
          "order"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "The power to command; control, jurisdiction."
      ],
      "id": "en-heste-enm-noun-4RjgMNwD",
      "links": [
        [
          "power",
          "power"
        ],
        [
          "command",
          "command"
        ],
        [
          "control",
          "control"
        ],
        [
          "jurisdiction",
          "jurisdiction"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "24 24 8 11 16 17",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A pact or agreement; that which is agreed upon."
      ],
      "id": "en-heste-enm-noun-VBf9A5uw",
      "links": [
        [
          "pact",
          "pact"
        ],
        [
          "agreement",
          "agreement"
        ],
        [
          "agree",
          "agree"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "24 24 8 11 16 17",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A prophetic prediction."
      ],
      "id": "en-heste-enm-noun-hQfb9ej5",
      "links": [
        [
          "prophetic",
          "prophetic"
        ],
        [
          "prediction",
          "prediction"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(rare) A prophetic prediction."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "rare"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈhɛst(ə)/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈhɛːst(ə)/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "heste"
}

{
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "rage"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymid"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "hǣst"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English hǣst",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*haifsti"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *haifsti",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*haifstiz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *haifstiz",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old English hǣst, from Proto-West Germanic *haifsti, from Proto-Germanic *haifstiz; the final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms. Doublet of haste.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "noun",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "heste",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "heste (uncountable)",
      "name": "enm-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English hapax legomena",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "24 24 8 11 16 17",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "13 12 11 21 12 30",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 3 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "13 13 12 21 12 29",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "8 8 9 8 10 55",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Emotions",
          "orig": "enm:Emotions",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              20,
              25
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "c. 1450, anonymous author, Gest Hystoriale of the Destruction of Troy:",
          "text": "Hoppit on hegh with heste of the fflodes.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "power, rage"
      ],
      "id": "en-heste-enm-noun-kSq5t910",
      "links": [
        [
          "power",
          "power"
        ],
        [
          "rage",
          "rage"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(hapax legomenon) power, rage"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "uncountable"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈhɛːst(ə)/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "heste"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Middle English lemmas",
    "Middle English nouns",
    "Middle English terms derived from Old English",
    "Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Middle English uncountable nouns",
    "Middle English weak nouns",
    "Pages with 3 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "enm:Emotions"
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "word": "hest"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Middle Scots",
      "lang_code": "gmw-msc",
      "word": "heist"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Middle Scots",
      "lang_code": "gmw-msc",
      "word": "hest"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Middle Scots",
      "lang_code": "gmw-msc",
      "word": "heste"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Yola",
      "lang_code": "yol",
      "word": "heste"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_number": 1,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "directive"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymid"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "hǣs"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English hǣs",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*haisi"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *haisi",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*haisiz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *haisiz",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old English hǣs, from Proto-West Germanic *haisi, from Proto-Germanic *haisiz. The final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms, while forms with final /t/ are influenced by the suffix -the.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "hestes",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hesten",
      "tags": [
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "este",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "has",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hees",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "heest",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "heeste",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hes",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hese",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "heaste",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Early-Middle-English"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hæse",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Early-Middle-English"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "noun",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "heste",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "pl2": "hesten"
      },
      "expansion": "heste (plural hestes or hesten)",
      "name": "enm-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "noun",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "biheste"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "A directive, command or order."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "directive",
          "directive"
        ],
        [
          "command",
          "command"
        ],
        [
          "order",
          "order"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "A rule; a formal, long-term order."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "rule",
          "rule"
        ],
        [
          "formal",
          "formal"
        ],
        [
          "long-term",
          "long-term"
        ],
        [
          "order",
          "order"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "The power to command; control, jurisdiction."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "power",
          "power"
        ],
        [
          "command",
          "command"
        ],
        [
          "control",
          "control"
        ],
        [
          "jurisdiction",
          "jurisdiction"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "A pact or agreement; that which is agreed upon."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "pact",
          "pact"
        ],
        [
          "agreement",
          "agreement"
        ],
        [
          "agree",
          "agree"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Middle English terms with rare senses"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "A prophetic prediction."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "prophetic",
          "prophetic"
        ],
        [
          "prediction",
          "prediction"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(rare) A prophetic prediction."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "rare"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈhɛst(ə)/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈhɛːst(ə)/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "heste"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Middle English lemmas",
    "Middle English nouns",
    "Middle English terms derived from Old English",
    "Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Middle English uncountable nouns",
    "Middle English weak nouns",
    "Pages with 3 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "enm:Emotions"
  ],
  "etymology_number": 2,
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "rage"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "etymid"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "hǣst"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English hǣst",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*haifsti"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *haifsti",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*haifstiz"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *haifstiz",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old English hǣst, from Proto-West Germanic *haifsti, from Proto-Germanic *haifstiz; the final vowel is generalised from the Old English oblique forms. Doublet of haste.",
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "noun",
        "g": "",
        "g2": "",
        "g3": "",
        "head": "",
        "sort": ""
      },
      "expansion": "heste",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "heste (uncountable)",
      "name": "enm-noun"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "noun",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Middle English hapax legomena",
        "Middle English terms with quotations",
        "Requests for translations of Middle English quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              20,
              25
            ]
          ],
          "ref": "c. 1450, anonymous author, Gest Hystoriale of the Destruction of Troy:",
          "text": "Hoppit on hegh with heste of the fflodes.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "power, rage"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "power",
          "power"
        ],
        [
          "rage",
          "rage"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(hapax legomenon) power, rage"
      ],
      "tags": [
        "uncountable"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈhɛːst(ə)/"
    }
  ],
  "word": "heste"
}

Download raw JSONL data for heste meaning in Middle English (5.3kB)

{
  "called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
  "msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: hapax legomenon",
  "path": [
    "heste"
  ],
  "section": "Middle English",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "heste",
  "trace": ""
}

{
  "called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
  "msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: hapax legomenon",
  "path": [
    "heste"
  ],
  "section": "Middle English",
  "subsection": "noun",
  "title": "heste",
  "trace": ""
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-01-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-01-01 using wiktextract (f492ef9 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.